The Quranic Philosophy of History – Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Khaldūn (1332-1406), a North African scholar, integrated Islamic theological concepts, particularly from the Quran and Hadith, into his historical analysis. He believed history revealed God's will through cyclical patterns of rise, decline, and renewal of civilizations ('asabiyyah,' or social cohesion). Divine providence guided events, though human agency remained significant; successes were attributed to both effort and divine favor, failures to shortcomings and divine testing. His approach offered a distinctly Islamic framework for understanding historical change.
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